Carlos Simon: Fate Now Conquers

Quick facts:

Born: 1986, Washington, D.C. 

Composed: 2020

Premiere: March 26, 2020, Kimmel Center conducted by Yannick Nézet-Séguin

Length: 5 minutes

Carlos Simon is a native of Atlanta, Georgia, whose music ranges from concert music for large and small ensembles to film scores with influences of jazz, gospel, and Neo-romanticism. Simon is the Composer-in-Residence for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the inaugural Boston Symphony Orchestra Composer Chair, and was nominated for a 2023 GRAMMY award for his album Requiem for the Enslaved. 

Regarding his orchestral work, Fate Now Conquers, Simon writes,

“This piece was inspired by a journal entry from Ludvig van Beethoven’s notebook written in 1815: “Iliad. The Twenty-Second Book. But Fate now conquers; I am hers; and yet not she shall share In my renown; that life is left to every noble spirit And that some great deed shall beget that all lives shall inherit.”

Using the beautifully fluid harmonic structure of the 2nd movement of Beethoven’s 7th symphony, I have composed musical gestures that are representative of the unpredictable ways of fate. Jolting stabs, coupled with an agitated groove with every persona. Frenzied arpeggios in the strings that morph into an ambiguous cloud of free-flowing running passages depicts the uncertainty of life that hovers over us.

We know that Beethoven strived to overcome many obstacles in his life and documented his aspirations to prevail, despite his ailments. Whatever the specific reason for including this particularly profound passage from the Iliad, in the end, it seems that Beethoven relinquished to fate. Fate now conquers.”

Max Bruch: Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26

Quick facts:

Born: 1838, Cologne, Germany

Died: 1920, Friedenau, Berlin, Germany 

Composed: 1857-1866

Premiere: April 24, 1866 by violinist, Otto von Königslow, conducted by Bruch.

Length: 23 minutes

In the pantheon of composers, German Romanticist Max Bruch may not be a household name. But Bruch contributed several enduring works, including the spirited Scottish Fantasy for violin and orchestra, the Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra, and the Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26. The Violin Concerto is firmly rooted as a standard work in the violin repertoire, and has been ranked by audiences among the most beloved violin concertos of all time.

First sketched in 1857 and completed in 1866, the G minor Violin Concerto was championed by the Hungarian violinist, Joseph Joachim (1831-1907), who promoted the concertos of Beethoven, Brahms, and Mendelssohn. Joachim considered Bruch's Concerto to be "the richest, the most seductive" of all.

The first movement Vorspiel: Allegro moderato (Prelude) gives us a sense of a gradual awakening. A hushed timpani roll and a solemn woodwind chorale serve as a musical call to order. The solo violin enters alone with a cadenza which rises from the lowest string (G) to the highest register. Soon, we are swept into the exhilarating, dance-like first theme. The melody is adorned with virtuosic flourishes which give the music an improvisatory quality. The passionate, expansive second theme builds to a soaring climax in the highest reaches of the violin's E string. As the movement builds in intensity, an orchestral tutti section erupts in which the violin section takes up the fast, running notes that we might expect in the solo part. The orchestration is dark, well-proportioned, and classical, in the vein of Brahms.

The first movement fades away, resting on a single B-flat, and, without pause, we find ourselves in the serene, magical world of the second movement. At first tender and introspective, the solo violin rises to heroic heights. A sunny musical "proclamation" arrives with the grandeur of a mountaintop view.

The final movement (Finale: Allegro energico) is an exhilarating Gypsy-infused Hungarian dance. The violin introduces the spirited main theme, with thirds in double stops (two strings played simultaneously). The coda section brings a thrilling accelerando, and the final cadence arrives in a blazing, fun-loving flash.

Program notes by Timothy Judd, thelistenersclub.com

Ludwig Van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67

Quick facts:

Born: 1770, Bonn, Germany

Died: 1827 Vienna, Austria 

Composed: 1804-1808

Premiere: December 22, 1808, Theater an der Wien, Vienna, Austria 

Length: 31 minutes

"Short, short, short, long…"

The four notes which open Beethoven's Fifth Symphony outline what is perhaps music history's most iconic motif. It's a motif which has been subjected to pop culture cliches and dubious superimposed poetic associations, such as "fate knocking at the door." This motivic kernel, perhaps derived from Luigi Cherubini's 1794 French Revolution anthem Hymne au Panthéon, is the seed out of which the entire Fifth Symphony develops. Preceded by a silent, suspenseful downbeat, it explodes with exhilarating ferocity, launching the Symphony's heroic journey from dark, turbulent C minor to the transcendence of C major.

The Fifth Symphony was premiered in Vienna on December 22, 1808 at a time when Beethoven was facing increasing deafness and the armies of Napoleon were marching across Europe. The under-rehearsed performance was part of a marathon, five-hour-long concert of Beethoven's music presented at an unheated Theater an der Wien. (The Sixth Symphony, the Fourth Piano Concerto, and the Choral Fantasy were also on the program). We can only imagine the effect this bold, revolutionary music had on the first audiences. The author and critic E.T.A. Hoffmann called the Fifth Symphony "one of the most important works of the master whose stature as a first-rate instrumental composer probably no one will now dispute...the instrumental music of Beethoven opens the realm of the colossal and the immeasurable for us." In an 1813 essay, Hoffmann wrote,

"How this wonderful composition, in a climax that climbs on and on, leads the listener imperiously forward into the spirit world of the infinite!... No doubt the whole rushes like an ingenious rhapsody past many a man, but the soul of each thoughtful listener is assuredly stirred, deeply and intimately, by a feeling that is none other than that unutterable portentous longing, and until the final chord—indeed, even in the moments that follow it—he will be powerless to step out of that wondrous spirit realm where grief and joy embrace him in the form of sound…"

Beethoven's Third Symphony, the "Eroica," was monumental and groundbreaking in scale and length. In contrast, the Fifth Symphony is a whirlwind of taut, compressed energy. The first movement (Allegro con brio) develops in short, unrelenting motivic cells. The fateful opening motif lurks around every corner. As the strings and woodwinds trade the second theme, the motif emerges sneakily in the low strings. It consumes the fiery and tense development section, at one moment breaking down into disjointed rhythmic strands before regrouping with renewed power. The mysterious oboe cadenza in the recapitulation remains one of the movement's inexplicable surprises. The brash, militant sounds of the French Revolution abound. The coda surges to a furious conclusion. The hushed anxiety of the final bars is interrupted by the brusk, forceful hammer blows of the cadence.

The second movement (Andante con moto), set in the unexpected key of A-flat major, is an example of double variation form. Here, variations are developed in two alternating themes. Tender introspection meets the sounds of a Revolutionary military march. The courtly, aristocratic elegance of Mozart and Haydn is replaced by grandiose fanfares, punctuated by trumpets and drums. Listen carefully, and you will hear the "short-short-short-long" rhythmic motif return in new guises. It concludes the first theme and rises to prominence in the second theme's spirited march.

Beethoven abandons the classical minuet and instead gives us a Scherzo third movement. The movement opens with hushed mystery and an arpeggiated figure which pays subtle homage to the final movement of Mozart's Symphony No. 40. Suddenly, the "short-short-short-long" rhythm returns, this time as a heroic statement in the horns. The trio section erupts with a vigorous fugue which moves from the depths of the orchestra upward. When the Scherzo returns, it comes in the form of quietly tiptoeing pizzicati and woodwind staccatos. The first audiences would have expected a repeat, verbatim, of the original music. They must have held their breath and listened with rapt attention to this sudden extended decrescendo. What follows would have been even more unprecedented. Rather than a conventional ending, the movement dissolves into a bridge filled with intense mystery and expectation. A cosmic crescendo leads to the triumphant opening of the fourth movement.

It's a heroic proclamation which begins with the outlining of a C major triad. The powerful and transformative voices of the three trombones change the character of the sound. This was one of the earliest symphonies to use the trombones. As the movement progresses, there are two additional newcomers, the piccolo and the deep contrabassoon. Again, we hear music infused with the "short-short-short-long" rhythmic motif. A passing inner voice underlying the second theme becomes an exalted statement at the end of the development section. A brief recollection of the Scherzo precedes the thunderous recapitulation. The gradually accelerating coda brings joyful and celebratory musical fireworks. The commentator Charles Rosen believed that the repeating C major cadential chords in the final bars are necessary "to ground the extreme tension of this immense work." Indeed, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony unleashes a new kind of intensity and delivers the ultimate dramatic journey from struggle to transcendence.

Program notes by Timothy Judd, thelistenersclub.com

Overture to Goethe’s Tragedy Egmont, Op. 84

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Beethoven had tremendous respect and affection for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), the poet, playwright, critic, journalist, novelist, painter, natural philosopher and scientist who was revolutionizing Germanic literature as Beethoven was revolutionizing music. “I read Goethe every day,” declared Beethoven, “when I read at all.” He had already set several of Goethe’s poems to music and must have been overjoyed when he was asked in 1810 to write incidental music for one of Goethe’s most popular plays, Egmont.

He responded with nearly an hour of music, including four entr’actes, two songs for Clara (Egmont’s fictional fiancée), a melodrama, a description of Clara’s death, and a concluding “Victory Symphony.” But the glory of the set is undoubtedly the overture—one of music’s truly great overtures.

What did Beethoven have in mind when he went about composing this overture? Just how much was he trying to relate the Egmont story with specific musical references to events in the play? Goethe’s 1787 play tells the story of Count Lamoral d’Egmont, historical hero of 16th-century Holland, who as military commander, statesman and eventual martyr inspired his compatriots to throw off the oppressive Spanish yoke and establish the Netherlandish Republic.

While following the strictures of classical sonata form, Beethoven seems to want to put as much dramatic description into his overture as he can. Clearly the glorious fanfares of what Beethoven called the “Victory Symphony” (which appears as the coda of the overture) are deliberately descriptive. But do earlier passages reflect parts of the play? Do the opening heavy minor chords—redolent of the Spanish sarabande—depict the oppression of Spain? Does the quick tempo after the introduction represent the dashing figure of Egmont? Are the delicate woodwind phrases in the development evocative of young Clara? Does the abrupt cutoff of the violins right before the coda symbolize Egmont’s beheading?

Beethoven, of course, never told us. But by filling his great overture with suggestions of tone painting, he opened the door for the next generation of composers to see the possibility of a new genre, a new vista in which music would take on the task of truly telling a story. Beethoven himself never walked through that door. His classical roots were too strong to allow him to yield to the romantic temptation to paint pictures in music. Beethoven’s form remains classical: a sonata preceded by a slow introduction and followed by a victorious coda. There are certainly suggestions of descriptive imagery and outbursts of romantic emotion, suggestions that would allow later composers to go further, but, in Beethoven’s Egmont, they doggedly remain shaped by the composer’s powerful craft into absolute musical form.

~Jere Lantz

Double Fugue on American Hymn Tunes  

Charles E. Ives (1874-1954)

Ask a concert audience to name America’s greatest composer and the consensus will likely be Aaron Copland. Ask critics or scholars and they may well name Charles Ives.

Born in the same year as the atonal Austrian Arnold Schoenberg and the staid Englishman Gustav Holst, Ives developed his talent far removed from the current European struggle over the direction of music. He created his ultramodern yet comprehensible style from the music he heard all around him as a child.

George Ives, Charles’ father, served during the Civil War as the youngest bandmaster (a teenager, actually) in the Union Army. Years later, as town bandmaster of Danbury, Connecticut, he got a kick out of creating clashing musical novelties: playing (on the piano) one song in the left hand versus another in the right; or having two bands march through one another’s ranks while playing different marches in different keys. As a result, young Charles grew up with an ear for dissonance as well as an intimate acquaintance with the popular hymns, marches, patriotic songs, fiddle tunes and parlor pieces of his time. While a music student at Yale (as well as a baseball and football hero), he consistently broke harmonic and structural rules, often incorporating familiar melodies into his works. His teacher, composer Horatio Parker, railed at him that “the hymn tune is the lowest form of musical life,” but to no avail.

After graduation Ives became an insurance man, eventually co-owning a company and becoming quite well off. (In fact, he had an influence on life insurance as strong as he did in music; historians of insurance invariably discuss his innovations in policy writing and group sales.)
But on the side, he continued to compose, writing piece after piece that shattered tradition but never got played. He anticipated Schoenberg’s atonality by more than a decade, Stravinsky’s polytonality by two decades, and Stockhausen’s polyorchestral techniques by a half century. He cared little about other composers, live concerts, or hearing his own music performed. He occasionally published some of his songs at his own expense but reacted brusquely to complaints about their difficulty: “The impossibilities of today are the possibilities of tomorrow.” Disgusted with the insurance business, he retired in 1924 at the age of 50. Alas, he was just as disgusted with the music scene, so he quit composing at the same time.

Much of Ives’ music is extremely complex, consisting of at times indecipherably dense textures made by superimposing and juxtaposing piles of contrasting material—original themes, quotes from Beethoven, Brahms or Wagner, and, especially, snippets of standard American music: hymn tunes, ballads, round dances, fiddle tunes, patriotic songs. His Fourth Symphony—perhaps his most complex work—is no exception.

But in the third movement of this Fourth Symphony, Ives’ mature complexity gives way to youthful simplicity. He reaches back to his college years at Yale to resurrect what began as an assignment in counterpoint and ended as a movement in his first string quartet. Ever eager to pontificate about the philosophy of his music, he called his effort “an expression of the reaction of life into formalism and ritualism.” The formalism lies in the fugue form—straight out of Bach—and the ritualism, in his use of popular New England hymns. As usual, Ives uses only snippets: the principal theme is the opening line of “From Greenland’s Icy Mountains”; its eventual partner is the final line of “All Hail the Power of Jesus’ Name” (at the text “Bring forth the royal diadem…”).

The combination of baroque fugal form and classic American melodies as rendered by a 20th century revolutionary somehow ends up sounding rather romantic. But Ives reminds us not to take it all too seriously: he closes puckishly with a very slow quote, in horns and trombones, from “Joy to the World.”

[Personal recollection: when I first conducted this piece in graduate school, I consulted John Kirkpatrick, curator of Yale’s Ives Collection and a personal friend and collaborator of Ives. When I asked him about this curious addition of “Joy to the World” in the final bars, he chuckled and told me what Ives had told him: the published edition calls for “Joy” to be played like the rest of the piece—smoothly and expressively. But Ives put it in as a joke and wanted it to sound like one. “Play it short and bouncy,” he had said. We’ll try.]

~Jere Lantz

Suite of Dances from Estancia  

Alberto Ginastera (1916-1983)

Born in Buenos Aires, Alberto Ginastera was the first Argentinian composer to receive truly international acclaim. Like many Argentinians, he is of partly Italian extraction. Ginastera was proud to be Argentinian, but he was also proud of his Italian roots. In fact, he pronounced his surname as if it were Italian (“Gene-astera”) rather than Spanish (“Heen-astera”).

Ginastera was a thoroughly homegrown talent. Starting piano lessons at seven, young Alberto entered a local conservatory at twelve, moving in 1936 to the National Conservatory, where he won highest honors in composition. His first successful work was Panambi, a ballet subtitled “choreographic legend.” Though the story and some of the melodic content are derived from native sources, we can hear in the music the influence of composers the conservatory student had been studying: Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky.

Five years later, Lincoln Kirstein, director of the American Ballet Caravan, commissioned a second ballet for ABC’s upcoming Latin American tour. In the end, the tour was canceled because funds were not available in wartime, and the music from Estancia could be heard for decades only in the suite of four excerpts we hear tonight. (This was not the only gem for which Kirstein was the inspiration. In 1938 he had commissioned Aaron Copland for his first successful ballet, Billy the Kid.)

Estancia is the work that made Ginastera’s international reputation. Like Copland’s Rodeo, which appeared the following season, Estancia depicts cowboy life, but the life not of cowboys on the North American plains but of gauchos on the pampas, the vast expanse of plains—somewhat warmer than their northern counterpart—that stretches from Brazil through Uruguay but is found mostly in Argentina. What Ginastera sought to depict was a rich portrait of one day—dawn to dawn—at a country ranch, or estancia.

The story Ginastera presents sounds like a typical Hollywood western: a young woman from the ranch at first despises a new arrival from the city but finally falls for him when he proves himself at least the equal of any of the rough workers on the ranch.

By the time of Estancia, Ginastera had defined what he called his “objective nationalism” period (1936-1948). He used Argentinian themes, rhythms and native dances in a style that came to be called “gauchesco” after the native cowboys of Argentina, the gauchos. The lessons he had learned in conservatory were not forgotten, however. The “Land Workers” scene, for example, opens with the orchestra playing its explosive rhythms in two keys at once (C and F-sharp), the very keys that Stravinsky fused famously in the bitonal scene of his ballet Petrushka (1911). The rhythm is relentless and the dynamic continuously powerful, never dropping below forte. Though he shifts his keys frequently, there are nearly always two going at once, creating an aura of agitation that can find no rest.

The “Wheat Dance” is as serene as the opening section is agitated. Again we hear bitonality from time to time, but less insistently than earlier. Light lines from the piano combine with pizzicato strings in a bed over which the flute, then horns, can be heard in a theme of ultimate repose. The orchestra builds this theme to a full-throated climax before fading into the distance.

That mood is shattered by “The Cattle Men,” whose dance appears in a meter that is a composite of 3/4 and 3/8 with instructions from Ginastera to play quickly (mosso) and roughly (ruvido). It is a dark roughness at first, with the lower instruments having their say. But higher, lighter instruments get their moment as well, before light and dark combine in an explosive end.

The “Final Dance” is deceptive. It begins swiftly but very softly with a less percussive bitonality than we heard from “The Land Workers.” Ginastera asks the orchestra to build almost imperceptibly but continually until we hear a new mood when it launches into a propulsive malambo. The malambo is the gauchos’ dance: with their heavy boots, the gauchos (men only—women strictly forbidden) pound their feet on the floor in rapid patterns that fall somewhere between tap dancing and clogging. The dynamism is unabated, rising to become simply the most energetic music ever written for orchestra.

~Jere Lantz

Concerto No. 1 in B-flat Minor for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 23

 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)                                                   

Tchaikovsky’s dramatic, pyrotechnical piano concerto stands nearly unchallenged as the concerto most adored by musiclovers. Its crashing chords, soaring melodies and exhilarating rhythms have been thrilling concertgoers since its astonishing journey into existence.

The story of the concerto’s creation remains barely known though it is among the most poignant in the annals of composition—replete with humiliation, an erased dedication, and a triumphant premiere halfway around the world.

Tchaikovsky dashed off his concerto in less than two months (November-December 1874) in hopes that dedicating it to his colleague and former teacher at the Moscow Conservatory, Nikolas Rubinstein, would guarantee its acceptance despite its Slavic flavor and demanding pianism.

Rubinstein suggested Tchaikovsky play through his new concerto for him privately at the Conservatory before a Christmas Eve party both were attending. At the close of the first movement, Rubinstein was silent. Not until the composer had played all three movements did he utter a word. Then it was a tirade deriding the concerto as “utterly worthless, absolutely unplayable. Certain passages were so commonplace and awkward they could not be improved, and the piece as a whole was bad, trivial, vulgar.” (So testified Tchaikovsky in a letter.)

Rubinstein insisted that the concerto be completely revised before he would play it. Tchaikovsky replied, “I shall not alter a single note. I shall have the concerto printed exactly as it stands.” After he erased the dedication to Rubinstein, he thought through the short list of great piano virtuosos and picked one who, he had heard, admired his work. He penciled in that new name: German virtuoso and conductor Hans von Bülow, a man he had never met.

Bülow received the concerto graciously, with a far different reaction: “The ideas are so original, so noble, so powerful, the details are so interesting, and though there are many of them they do not impair the clarity and the unity of the work. The form is so mature, ripe, distinguished in style, and intention, the labor being everywhere concealed. I would weary you if I were to enumerate all the characteristics of your work, characteristics which compel me to congratulate equally the composer and those who are destined to enjoy it.”

Bülow, in fact, could not wait to present the new concerto. His next project was a concert tour of North America, so he took the concerto with him.

At his first stop, Boston, Bülow hired an orchestra quite amenable to him: “largely German, industrious, their intelligence not yet drowned in lager beer.” The conductor was another matter. Carl Bergmann may have been conductor of the New York Philharmonic and, according to Dwight’s Journal of Music, “the best conductor in America.” But to Bülow, himself one of the world’s great conductors (the favorite of Wagner until Wagner stole Bülow’s wife Cosima—daughter of Franz Liszt), Bergmann just would not do. Instead Bülow engaged American pianist Benjamin Johnson Lang, like Bülow a Liszt pupil. Dwight’s Journal reported:

Mr. B. J. Lang, who had been called to succeed Mr. Bergmann,…being himself a pianist and an enthusiastic admirer of Von Bülow, was in better sympathy and understanding with him for the rendering of the extremely difficult, strange, wild, ultra-modern Russian Concerto. It is the composition of a young professor at the Conservatory of Moscow, a pupil of Rubinstein (indeed the work contained not a few suggestions of the master) and is dedicated to Bülow, who complimented Boston with its very first performance.

So it was that Tchaikovsky’s concerto, reviled in Moscow, was first heard in Boston.

In New York, Bülow was even more triumphant in an exhausting fourteen concerts in nineteen days, including two performances of the new concerto. Bülow reported: “Never, anywhere, have I felt so well, I might say so happy. Whereas before I often played like a pig, I now, on occasion, play like a god. Chickering’s gorgeous pianos, undeniably the best in both worlds, have turned me into a top-flight pianist.” Bülow and Chickering pianos had a mutually satisfying arrangement: he inaugurated the Chickering Concert Hall on Fifth Avenue on November 15, 1875, and presented the Tchaikovsky concerto there the next week. (Sixteen years later, Tchaikovsky would come to New York to conduct the first concerts given in Carnegie Hall.) Bülow reported on his performance:

The concerto went much better here…than in Boston. It was a distinct success and is to be repeated next Saturday. In fact, Tchaikovsky has become popular in the New World; and if Jurgenson [Tchaikovsky’s Russian publisher] were not such a damned jackass but would send over a reasonable quantity of Tchaikovsky’s music, he could do a lot of business.

Tchaikovsky relished the news from America, especially since he had just heard the rather flat Russian premiere of his concerto (by pianist Gustav Kross) in St. Petersburg. He was not to be dejected for long. A number of his pianistic compatriots undertook the concerto, not excepting Nicholas Rubinstein, who changed his mind and played it repeatedly at home and abroad—without altering a single note.

~Jere Lantz

Prelude to Act I of Lohengrin    

Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

Lohengrin was Wagner’s sixth opera, but the fourth that he would cite in a list of his works. (The first two were juvenilia he wanted to forget.) As in Tannhäuser, which he had just completed, for Lohengrin he created his own libretto (“little book” in Italian, meaning the text for an opera) based on a German legend. Usually, to understand an orchestral overture or prelude to an opera, it is necessary to know the story that will follow. Not so with Lohengrin. In Lohengrin, Wagner chose to do something different not only from tradition but from his own practice. Instead of creating a lengthy overture out of materials from the opera, a practice he had followed in all his previous operas, he decided merely to set the mood. But he did much more: by crafting a vision of the Holy Grail in his prelude, he defined the ethos from which his heroic knight emerged.

Knight Lohengrin had been tapped by his father, the knight Parsifal (spelled Percival when he sits at King Arthur’s Round Table) to be guardian of the Holy Grail. Parsifal had inherited responsibility for the Grail after saving it from the clutches of the evil Klingsor. (Just how he did it, Wagner would tell in his final opera nearly four decades later.) Lohengrin tells of the events that befall the Knight of the Grail when he temporarily departs from his guardianship to help a princess in distress. What Wagner seeks to evoke in the prelude is the world of purity and light in which Lohengrin has been preserving the vessel from which Jesus and his disciples drank at the Last Supper. Wagner described the scene in his typically romantic rhetoric:

Out of the clear blue ether of the sky there seems to condense a wonderful, yet at first hardly perceptible vision; and out of this there gradually emerges, ever more and more clearly, an angel host bearing in its midst the sacred Grail. As it approaches earth, it pours out exquisite odors, like streams of gold, ravishing the sense of the beholder. The glory of the vision grows and grows until it seems as if the rapture must be shattered and dispersed by the very vehemence of its own expansion. The vision draws nearer, and the climax is reached when at last the Grail is revealed in all its glorious reality, radiating fiery beams and shaking the soul with emotion. The beholder sinks on his knees in adoring self-annihilation. The Grail pours out its light on him like a benediction and consecrates him to its service; then the flames gradually die away, and the angel host soars up again to the ethereal heights in tender joy, having made pure once more the hearts of men.

Wagner achieves his aura of heavenly purity with chords of high violins divided into eight parts, four of them solo on especially high sounds called “harmonics.” They play a leitmotif associated throughout the opera with the Grail. It is the single theme of the ten-minute prelude. Its only development is the gradual augmentation of the orchestra to create the climactic appearance of the Grail, which then fades into the mists of the original high harmonics.

It hardly needs noting that all this ultra-romanticism in concept and sound is entirely new. Never had an introduction to an opera (which Wagner, it must be noted, calls “prelude,” not “overture”) been based on such a tiny musical germ. Never had violins been wielded in such a risky, delicate fashion. Never had so little in musical terms been made into so much. And never had anyone had the colossal nerve to attempt to represent the most divine of sacred vessels in music. (Again, it hardly needs saying that no one has attempted it since.)

~Jere Lantz

Ave verum corpus, K. 618

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

TEXT:

Hail, true Body, born of the Virgin Mary,
Truly suffered, sacrificed on the cross for humankind,
From whose pierced side flowed blood and water,
Be for us, as we approach death, a foretaste (of what lies beyond).

Mozart had a very busy final year. It opened with a performance of his final piano concerto (K. 595 in B-flat) and included the creation of his clarinet concerto, his operas La Clemenza di Tito (The Clemency of Titus, premiered in August in Prague) and Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute, premiered in September in Vienna), plus his uncompleted Requiem. He became ill in October and was confined to bed by November 20, passing at five minutes before one in the morning on December 5.

It has never been resolved what he died from. Some medical experts opt for a streptococcal infection, others for uremia stemming from chronic kidney disease. (Regardless of popular theater and film productions, he was not poisoned or murdered.)

It can be argued that no other composer created so much great music in his final year. And, for me, the most moving of all that music is a brief, simple choral work he composed for a friend during a visit to the country in June.

Mozart’s exuberant wife Constanza loved to travel to Baden, a spa resort near Vienna, where she had recently replaced Josef Haydn’s nag of a wife Maria Anna as the grand dame of the summer season. Mozart enjoyed the break from the city, partly by visiting his friend Anton Stoll, who was choir director for the local church. In June 1791, Mozart dropped by the church and, while catching up on each other’s lives, asked Stoll what he was planning to have his choir sing at the upcoming feast of Corpus Christi. When Stoll said he didn’t know, Mozart asked if he would like to have a new piece. Of course, Stoll was delighted.

So Mozart sat down with some manuscript paper he had been using to compose Die Zauberflöte and wrote a new piece for chorus and strings. Its mere 46 bars are not at all elaborate or complex—easy for Stoll’s country choir and strings to learn in the six days left before the feast service. Though Mozart at this point had no idea that he would be dead in less than six months, his music, prompted by the mournful prayer of the text, is permeated with a mature resignation.

Musically, the impact of the message is amplified by chromatic harmonic settings of the poignant text (“from whose pierced side flow water and blood”). But what cannot be explained is how Mozart managed to evoke so much magical beauty in so few notes. The four-sheet manuscript, central to the collection of the Austrian National Library in Vienna, holds just the music and the date: June 17, 1791.

We can but wonder how Mozart’s momentary inspiration became perhaps the three most beautiful minutes of music ever conceived.

~Jere Lantz

Coronation Anthem “Zadok, the Priest”

George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

Behind Handel’s triumphant quartet of coronation anthems lies perhaps the most astonishing tale of musical diplomacy we know.

In his twenties, Handel visited Italy and came back to Germany wanting to carve a career composing opera in the Italian style. He decided that the place ripest for an introduction to opera was Europe’s fastest growing economic metropolis, London. He took a calculating look at a map, decided that Hanover was the royal German court closest to England, and secured a position as court composer to the Elector (local regent) of Hanover. In 1711 he asked for and was granted leave to visit England for several months, returning in 1712 just long enough to secure another leave—again to London. This time he stayed for good. Imagine his discomfort when England’s Queen Anne died childless in 1714, and her heir was declared to be none other than George, the Elector of Hanover.

Legend has it that Handel ingratiated himself with his old boss, now England’s King George I, by hiring a bargeful of musicians and rowing up to the king’s own barge on the Thames while his players all piped Handel’s newly composed Water Music. Legend, sorry to say, has it wrong. It was, in fact, the king who hired Handel to entertain him during his July 1717 barging party. Apparently, they had already reconciled, with George, hereditary king but still an alien with no command of English, delighted to find a familiar face he could at least speak to.

Ten years later came a pivotal year for both Handel and the House of Hanover. In 1727 Handel became a British subject, his name changing forever from Georg Friedrich Händel to George Frideric Handel. His grant of citizenship was signed, of course, by the one man in England at least as German as he. Within weeks George I was dead. Though the son had despised the father, the new king, George II, immediately tapped his father’s favorite composer to create four coronation anthems for his and Queen Caroline’s official ascension on October 11 at Westminster Abbey.

Each anthem was based on a biblical text traditional to the occasion and assigned to a specific moment in the ceremony. In the event, some of the appointed music (not Handel’s) was accidentally omitted, leaving the musical program in disarray. Nonetheless, the Coronation Anthems were a smashing success with their extrovert grandeur confidently proclaiming the occasion.

Zadok is at once the grandest and briefest of the anthems. Anticipating the actual moment the crown is conferred and using the text of the coronation of Solomon in I Kings 1, it begins with one of the most dramatic and extended orchestral crescendos in music. Knowing the value of simplicity, Handel moves through a stately, though conventional, chord progression in which the only perceptible movement is a full landscape of arpeggios rising repeatedly in the violins. The effect of restraining his forces so assiduously is to build such anticipatory suspense in the listener that when the chorus, trumpets and kettledrums finally peal forth at full volume, we can be confident that heaven has truly blessed this ceremony and its result.

As in Messiah, Handel pulls out his full set of musical brushes to paint his text in technicolor. At the words “And all the people rejoiced,” the tempo quickens, and the rhythm becomes exultantly jagged. “God save the King” brings stentorian gravity; “Amen,” a profusion of gladsome notes; “Alleluia,” declamatory pillars of sound.

That Handel was able to evoke the grandeur and glory of the ultimate royal ceremony to a degree no other composer has approached comes as no surprise to those of us who know and love his work. That George II expected no less from his father’s court composer is a tribute to the king’s musical acuity and Handel’s diplomacy. The British nation has been no less perceptive: every coronation since 1727 has included Zadok, the Priest.

~Jere Lantz

Academic Festival Overture, Op. 80   

Johannes Brahms (1833-1896)

Today we think of Brahms as a romantic whose music pours out with glorious sound, powerful drama and heartfelt emotion. Yet in his day, many musicians and critics felt him to be anything but romantic. Mahler called him “a mannikin with a somewhat narrow heart.” Hugo Wolf said, “a relic from primeval ages.” Tchaikovsky was the most acerbic: “a giftless bastard! It annoys me that this self-inflated mediocrity is hailed as a genius…Brahms is chaotic and absolutely empty dried-up stuff.” (How fortunate that, though they shared a birthday, they never met.)

But these opinions were drowned by the deluge of admirers for whom Brahms was champion of all things beautiful and true in music. He enjoyed the role, being not at all shy in his criticism of the “music of the future” espoused by followers of Berlioz, Liszt and Wagner. Brahms, more than an unabashed romantic, was clearly a student of his greatest predecessors: of Bach’s counterpoint, of Beethoven’s structure, of Schumann’s cross-rhythms. His music is serious, absolute—with no hint of a program or story behind it. It is romantic in sound but clings studiously to traditional forms. Thus, it came as no surprise that, in 1879, he was presented with a doctorate by the University of Breslau (today Wroclaw, Poland).

Unable to attend the ceremony, he sent a card of appreciation but not the customary commemorative work for the occasion. (Brahms was never a master of societal graces.) His friend Bernhard Scholz, conductor of the orchestra in Breslau, wrote that he needed to offer something more substantial—a real musical work. So he did. And he traveled to Breslau to conduct its premiere two years later in 1881.

If the dons of that august institution expected a serious musical thesis, they were in for a surprise: Brahms’ overture follows traditional sonata form but is peppered with student songs of the time, most of them cobbled from the local rathskellers, where students (in a tradition as time-honored as doctoral ceremonies) raised steins and voices in loud expression of hopes and fears.

Brahms opens with his own music—more puckish than stately—saving the first student song for a trio of majestic trumpets: Wir hätten gebauet ein staatliches Haus (“We have built a stately house”). After a grander statement of Brahms’ opening, two more student songs appear: first the lushly lyrical Der Landesvater (“The Father of the Land”) in the strings, then the impishly comical freshman’s initiation song Was kommt dort von der Höh? (“What comes there from on high?”) on that most comical of instruments, the bassoon.

At this point, one expects that Brahms has used all the popular tunes he can fit in, for, in classic sonata form, he develops and recapitulates his themes and seems headed for a close. But he cannot resist a final jibe, moving directly from a raucous, brassy rendition of the freshman’s song to a grand coda: the universal university hymn Gaudeamus Igitur (“Let us enjoy our youth”)—some six centuries old in Brahms’ day yet still familiar in ours.

~Jere Lantz

Symphony No. 2 in D Major, Op. 43 

Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) 

Finland’s musical giant Jean Sibelius is harder to summarize than most of his contemporaries outside the principal cultural capitals of Europe. Like most, he was trained in the German tradition (in Berlin and Vienna) and returned home to write nationalistic works based on folk legends and a powerful love for his country. Like many, his fame had a rocket’s rise and a meteor’s fall. (In 1940, Virgil Thomson, composer and redoubtable critic, called the Second Symphony “vulgar, self-indulgent and provincial beyond description.”) Yet Sibelius’ star is on the rise again, as his music is more frequently played and better understood.

True, he could be as cloying as Norwegian Edvard Grieg, especially in his folk-based tone poems and suites. But his seven symphonies were purely musical and truly profound. “My symphonies,” he asserted, “are music conceived and worked out in terms of music with no literary basis…the germ and fertilization of my symphonies have been solely musical.” The form of his symphonies varies, but it never leans on or shatters tradition. He uses as much conventional form as he needs to support his highly individual style of succinct themes and concise developments.

Sibelius has often been condemned for being conservative, for not following the modernistic trends that were the historical hallmark of music a century ago. While it is true that his harmonic, rhythmic and orchestrational language remains romantic, Sibelius had an approach to form and texture entirely his own, unprecedented and unimitated.

A case in point: the opening movement (one is tempted to say “essay,” for each Sibelius movement seems to strive to make a point) of his Second Symphony begins and ends softly. Its pace is moderate and its opening germ of three reiterated notes provides the basis for most of the movement. (The staccato oboe theme heard soon afterward is really just a counterpoint to this initial germ.) The other principal idea is a sweeping single line on violins that feels so free, so soaring that it belies its composer’s assertion that his symphonies are pure music. Doesn’t this sense of liberation have at least something to do with Finland’s oppression under the Russian yoke?

Such a sense of an individual asserting his freedom pervades the second movement. Here Sibelius seems determined to appear unfettered, even undisciplined. In fact, the movement is tightly structured of gestures that imply an absence of control: mysterious, deep pizzicati, lugubrious bassoons, allegro sections bristling with fistfuls of rising notes, weighty, long-winded brass fanfares cut off at climax. At first hearing, it is difficult to decipher. One longs for a story that will make sense of it all. With its roughhewn gestures and sense of sprawl, it seems more “Finnish” than anything else in the symphony. But is it a drama of Finland or of Sibelius’ own soul? There can be no answer. Part of the mystery of any Sibelius symphony is its ability to depict a nation or an individual despite its composer’s assertion that it depicts nothing extramusical.

Innovation within tradition is epitomized in the third movement. Beethoven’s symphonic scheme here posits a scherzo; Sibelius complies, but with the fastest scherzo ever conceived (Vivacissimo—most lively—he asserts). Its velocity is too reckless to be balanced by a contrasting scherzo section at the same reckless pace. Sibelius instead goes to the opposite extreme, calling upon the expressive oboe to intone a theme of utmost nostalgia, a theme that reminds us of the opening of the symphony with its reiteration of a single note. When, after another spate of reckless vivacissimo, the oboe returns with its nostalgia, the entire orchestra is inspired to pour forth one of the great symphonic crescendos, rising, rising, ever rising to Sibelius’ most majestic finale.

What a finale! Its opening gesture of three rising notes repeated a step down, derived once again from the opening sounds of the symphony, is one of the noblest themes ever envisaged. Its accompaniment in trombones and its answering trumpet fanfare constitute one of music’s most effective uses of symphonic brass. But its most striking and innovative feature is two huge ostinato sections in which a pattern of rising and falling eighth notes is repeated precisely again and again (in one instance, more than seventy times) while tension builds above.

Such mounting tension portends a powerful and profound coda. Sibelius does not disappoint. He takes the three rising notes of his finale’s main theme and raises them to a fourth higher note, a simple gesture that yields fulfillment enough for any music lover’s soul. As if he knows he has achieved an epiphany, he closes his symphony, like a hymn, with a warm Amen.

~Jere Lantz

Prelude to Die Meistersinger von Nürnburg                       Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

By the time Richard Wagner, at age 48, set about composing his only comic opera, Die Meistersinger von Nürnburg (“The Mastersingers of Nuremburg”), he was renowned as a conductor, a philosopher/essayist, a revolutionary (currently in his thirteenth year of exile), and a champion of “the music of the future.”

Wagner wrote almost nothing but opera, and his earlier operas were all epic tragedies based primarily on ancient Teutonic myths. They were filled with murky, heavy, slow music that, more often than not, met with vilification by critics: “These compositions are remarkable only for the absence of everything that has been deemed beautiful in music”; or “…destitute of melody, extremely bad in harmony, utterly incoherent in form and inexpressive of any intelligible ideas whatever.”

Die Meistersinger is Wagner’s answer to these critics. Based not on myth but on history, the light, happy plot weaves a fictional love story into the actual practices of the guilds of 16^th-century Nuremburg, focusing on the greatest guild of them all, the Mastersingers. Wagner makes sure that this opera exhibits his brilliance at everything his critics said he couldn’t do. The opera brims with fast, sunny music that remains clearly within a key, develops through traditional forms, and demonstrates a masterly command of the technique dearest to Wagner’s conservative countrymen—counterpoint.

The overture demonstrates all these qualities. It bursts with melodies, each in Wagnerian tradition depicting a particular emotion or character. An opening, majestic Meistersinger procession gives way to woodwinds that sing a theme of awakening love before a cascade of violin sixteenths leads to a brassier, more pompous Meistersinger fanfare. Power and pomp grow until a short statement of love’s passion leads to the first really peaceful moment—the quietly beautiful song, in violins, of young Walther to his beloved Eva. Passion again rises, rudely interrupted by the playful apprentices, who, too immature to have a theme of their own, merely imitate their masters in a puckish woodwind version of the overture’s opening bars. Their staccato mockery grows until their masters, in a grand gesture, sweep them aside with the original stately theme.

Everything subsides as a single stroke on the triangle announces one of the great moments in all of music. Wagner answers his critics with an unsurpassed masterstroke of contrapuntal craft: he restates quietly the three principal themes of the overture, not one after another but simultaneously. (It is considered the supreme feat of counterpoint to create two independent themes, each beautiful on its own, that yield perfect counterpoint when played together. To do that with three themes is simply unheard of.) Here is a decoding for tune detectives: the opening procession serves as foundation in the lowest depths of the orchestra—tuba, bassoon and double bass; Walther’s song to Eva soars in first violin, horn, clarinet and cello; and the brassy Meistersinger fanfare receives, as the procession theme did earlier, the mocking apprentice treatment—fast and staccato in second violins, violas, and the remaining winds. The rest of the overture is a growing profusion of all its themes that climax as cymbals announce a last grand affirmation of pomp and pageantry.

If Wagner is answering his conservative critics musically in the Meistersinger prelude, he is answering them philosophically in the story of the opera. Impetuous young Walther learns in the end that his revolutionary musical ideas become more profound when tempered by respect for the past. And the stuffy Mastersingers learn they must not become so entangled by tradition that they cannot recognize the value of brilliant innovation.

Yes, this is Wagner preaching to those who have criticized him throughout his career. He is telling them, “I believe in (and can compose with all the techniques of) tradition. But you must be open to new ways. And I am the one who will show you those ways.”

~Jere Lantz

Suite from Henry V                                                                          William Walton (1902-1986)

Needing a heroic image to bolster morale during World War II, Great Britain turned to its most revered military hero as portrayed by their greatest poet in his most unabashedly patriotic play. The result was a lavish technicolor spectacle of Shakespeare’s Henry V, produced and directed by the leading British actor of the time, Laurence Olivier. For the musical score, Olivier turned to William Walton, whom he had met when they were both plying their arts for a film of Shakespeare’s As You Like It in 1936.

Olivier’s brilliant inspiration was to start and end the film in the Globe playhouse, where Shakespeare first produced Henry V in 1599. He was aiming at authenticity in two historical periods—Henry’s early 15^th century and Shakespeare’s late 16^th. Walton accordingly drew his musical themes from early liturgical chants and folksongs as well as Elizabethan madrigals, arranged powerfully for a modern symphony orchestra.

As the film opens, a flute accompanies a replica of the original 1599 Henry V playbill as it flutters in the wind to fill the screen. A majestic fanfare supports the film credits before the scene shifts to the Globe, where actors and audience hustle and bustle to ready themselves for the performance.

Early in the film Sir John Falstaff, the rotund and witty fellow miscreant of Henry’s youthful pranks (told in the two parts of Shakespeare’s Henry IV), lies on his deathbed. As the old man recalls his painful dismissal from court by his beloved Prince Hal (now King Henry), the strings intone a passacaglia—a baroque form in which a simple bass line repeats over and over (nine times in all), finally rising to the violin as Falstaff’s soul slips away.

The central event of Henry V is the Battle of Agincourt, where the English, outnumbered five to one, defeat the French in one of the most lavish battle scenes ever filmed. The troops gather to fanfares in horns, trumpets and drums. In full armor, the French cavalry charges mightily, only to run into pointed stakes planted by the English and the murderous shafts of Welsh longbows. Mired in the mud of a week’s rain, 10,000 Frenchmen die as an old French ballad, Bailero, is heard mournfully in the English horn.

A second string interlude derives from an earlier scene when Falstaff’s friends, saddened by his death, are spending their last night together before embarking for France and war. The title is taken from a line in the play, and the music, a sad ballad, reflects the double sadness of the moment.

Legend has it (and for once, history agrees) that after the battle Henry and his men sang lustily an improvised song of thanks that has been passed down as one of England’s greatest folk tunes, the Agincourt Hymn. Walton’s suite ends with a grand rendition of that 1415 song, its stately melody in stentorian brass with the rest of the orchestra dancing in joyful tumult.

~Jere Lantz

Symphony No. 2 in D Major, Op. 73                                          Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)

Brahms’ hesitation to write a symphony is legendary. He had seen too many romantic symphonists fail—in the eyes of the critics, the public and themselves—to live up to the legacy of Beethoven. His earlier orchestral works (two serenades, the First Piano Concerto, the Haydn Variations) demonstrated an ample symphonic prowess. Still, he told friends, “Composing a symphony is no laughing matter,” and “You have no idea of how it feels to hear behind you the tramp of a giant.”

Eventually Brahms had to yield to the inevitable; after working on it for nearly twenty years, Brahms presented, at age 43, his First Symphony. Its moderate success unleashed a flood: a second symphony within a year and two more in the next decade. Though he would write no orchestral works in the final decade of his life, his reputation as the greatest symphonist since Beethoven was assured.

Far more than most symphonists, Brahms captured a different flavor or character in each of his symphonies. The First makes an almost Beethovenian progression from darkness to light. (Indeed, conductor Hans von Bülow dubbed it “The Tenth,” a compliment that cut both ways, confirming Brahms’ fears about “the tramp of a giant.”) The Third is heroic at first, later melodic and finally enigmatic. The Fourth, perhaps the greatest, was called dry at its premiere, but has come to be treasured as a trove of marvelously controlled intensity.

The Second is generally labeled “pastoral,” and it is here that labels show both their logic and their limitations. A gentle opening, with its four-note underpinning in the bass and comforting horn call above, certainly suggests the peace of the countryside. Wanderings high in the violin do nothing to erase this mood, which is enriched by a truly singing second theme in the resonant baritone register of the cellos and violas. A more aggressive third theme and assertive brasses in development and coda serve only to highlight the overall serenity, and the movement ends in pensive calm.

If the first movement cleaves to the pastoral appellation, the second transcends it, striving toward profundity. After its premiere, Viennese critic and Brahms champion Eduard Hanslick wrote:

A broad singing Adagio in B follows, which, as it appears to me, is more conspicuous for the development of the themes than for the worth of the themes themselves. For this reason, undoubtedly, it makes a less profound impression on the audience than do the other movements.

Which is to say, it is less extroverted than its mates. Hanslick identified one of Brahms’ greatest skills—an organic, natural unfolding of a theme’s development. Yet he failed to understand that themes with higher profiles resist such organic development. Though not easy to grasp, even for Hanslick, the Adagio remains one of Brahms’ richest treasures.

As usual, Brahms supplants the conventional rollicking scherzo form with a quiet piece that might be called, as Brahms did in his piano works, an intermezzo. With the reedy oboe giving out a gently rocking melody, the Allegretto grazioso could well be a shepherd’s serenade to his grazing flock. Twice the mood is broken by brief scampers (gamboling sheep?) that hint at a true scherzo, but after every scamper, the serenade resumes, its composure unflappable.

Like the Adagio, the finale marks a departure from pastoral serenity but in the opposite direction. Its opening is more urgent than tranquil, the deliberately quietened (sotto voce) unison reflecting things past (the very opening notes of the symphony) and promising things to come. The continued whispering in quick (Allegro con spirito) tempo builds potential energy that bursts forth with a sudden radiance hitherto unheard in the symphony. One is immediately reminded that D major was to the classical composers the key of victory and joy.

As in the opening movement, a second theme is richer and to be played more broadly (largamente). The initial energy returns, mushrooming to a climax in a marvelous pattern of repeated scales. A brief tranquillo passage in the development recalls erstwhile pastoralism before yielding to the movement’s initial urgency.

A masterly symphonic dramatist, Brahms saves a crowning touch for the coda. Showcasing his powers of transformation, he presents the principal themes of the movement—originally subdued—in exuberant dress. The largamente theme, in fact, becomes a brilliant trumpet call leading to a shattering triad in the trombones as the symphony that began in a “pastoral” mode ends on a note of triumph.

Program Notes by Jere Lantz

Words anonymous, c. 1500   

Words by John Mason Neale

Words by G. R. Woodward

a carol medley Maestro Lantz first conducted in 1971

Arranged by Jere Lantz (with apologies to Mssrs. Handel, Mozart, Mendelssohn & Stravinsky)

Music by Felix Mendelssohn, adapted by William Cummings, arr. Jere Lantz. Words by Charles Wesley and others.

SING ALONG LYRICS

Hark! The herald angels sing, “Glory to the newborn King.

Peace on earth and mercy mild, God and sinners reconciled.”

Joyful, all ye nations rise. Join the triumph of the skies.

With th’angelic host proclaim, “Christ is born in Bethlehem.”

Hark! The herald angels sing, “Glory to the newborn King.”

Christ, by highest heav’n adored, Christ the everlasting Lord!

Late in time behold Him come, Offspring of the Virgin’s womb.

Veiled in flesh the God head see. Hail th’incarnate Deity.

Pleased as man with man to dwell, Jesus, our Emmanuel.

Hark! The herald angels sing, “Glory to the newborn King.”

Hail the heav’n-born Prince of Peace! Hail the sun of righteousness!

Light and life to all He brings, Ris’n with healing in His wings.

Mild He lays His blory by, Born that we no more may die,

Born to raise us from the earth, Born to give us second birth.

Hark! The herald angels sing, “Glory to the newborn King.”

Words by Edward Caswell

Words anonymous

Words by Isaac Watts

SING ALONG LYRICS

Joy to the World

Joy to the world! The Lord is come. Let earth receive her King.

Let ev’ry heart prepare him room, and heav’n and nature sing,

And heav’n and nature sing, and heav’n and heav’n and nature sing.

Joy to the world! The savior reigns. Let men their songs employ,

While fields and floods, rocks, hills and plains repeat the sounding joy,

Repeat the sounding joy, repeat, repeat the sounding joy.

He rules the world with truth and grace, and makes the nations prove

The glories of his righteousness, and wonders of his love,

And wonders of his love, and wonders, wonders of his love.

Created for Rochester Symphony in 1989.

Traditional English Carol

Text by Thomas Oliphant. Traditional Welsh Carol.

SING ALONG LYRICS

Deck the Hall

Deck the hall with boughs of holly, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

‘Tis the season to be jolly, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Don  we now our gay apparel, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Troll the ancient Yuletide carol, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

See the blazing Yule before us, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Strike the harp and join the chorus, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Follow me in merry measure, Fa la la la la, la la la la,

While I tell of Yuletide treasure, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Fast away the old year passes, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Hail the new, ye lads and lasses, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Sing we joyous all together, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

Heedless of the wind and weather, Fa la la la la, la la la la.

English West Country Carol performed at each Rochester Symphony holiday concert since 1982!

In choosing a program entitled "The Americas," I thought it would be nice to feature some composers both from our country and from Latin America. In the first half of the program, we feature two fantastic "dance" composers—one from Mexico and one from Argentina. We begin with Arturo Márquez.

There are some pieces of music that are destined to find a permanent place in the standard repertory. Danzón No. 2 is one of those pieces. Mexican composer Arturo Márquez created a memorable dance that wins you over with its delightful tunefulness and infectious rhythms. There has been a crescendo of performances of Danzón No. 2 over the past 20 years, much to the delight of audiences throughout the world.

Arturo Márquez was born in the Sonora region of Mexico in 1950. In his youth, he was inspired by his father who was a fine musician and active violinist. The family moved to Los Angeles, California when Márquez was 12. He took up the violin, among other instruments, and developed a passion for writing music. He was an avid listener and once stated “my adolescence was spent listening to Javier Solis, sounds of mariachi, the Beatles, Doors, Carlos Santana and Chopin.” In his late teens, the family returned to Mexico and Márquez enrolled in the local Music Conservatory. He later studied composition in Paris and received a Fulbright to study in the U.S. where he enrolled in the California Institute of the Arts to pursue his MFA.

Márquez became infatuated with the sounds of the danzón in local dance halls in Mexico. This unique dance style is a fusion of music from Cuba and the Veracruz region of Mexico. It's a couples' dance, usually starting seductively slow and growing into a wild, exuberant display.  Márquez made a brilliant decision to usher the danzón into to the concert hall by creating a series of eight danzóns for symphony orchestra. His second is by far the most popular and most widely performed.

Here is what Márquez wrote for the first performance of his Danzón No. 2:

“The idea of writing the Danzón 2 originated in 1993 during a trip to Malinalco with the painter Andrés Fonseca and the dancer Irene Martínez, both of whom have a special passion for the danzón, which they were able to transmit to me from the beginning, and also during later trips to Veracruz and visits to the Colonia Salon in Mexico City. From these experiences onward, I started to learn the danzón’s rhythms, its form, its melodic outline, and to listen to the old recordings by Acerina Mariano Merceron and his Danzonera Orchestra. I was fascinated and I started to understand that the apparent lightness of the danzón is only like a visiting card for a type of music full of sensuality and qualitative seriousness, a genre which old Mexican people continue to dance with a touch of nostalgia and a jubilant escape towards their own emotional world; we can fortunately still see this in the embrace between music and dance that occurs in the State of Veracruz and in the dance parlors of Mexico City.

“Danzón No. 2 … endeavors to get as close as possible to the dance, to its nostalgic melodies, to its wild rhythms, and although it violates its intimacy, its form and its harmonic language, it is a very personal way of paying my respects and expressing my emotions towards truly popular music.”

Márquez's Danzón has become so popular in Mexico that it is often referred to as their second National Anthem!

-- Steven Amundson

arr. by Leonid Desyatnikov
with Francesca Anderegg, violin

One of the world's most popular dance styles, the tango, originated in Buenos Aires in the 18th century. This dance genre served as a uniting force, bringing together European immigrants, indigenous Argentines, and former slaves. The tango was a powerful force in developing Argentine culture and continues to be an important part of life in that country today. The tango has also become popular in many countries throughout the world.  

Astor Piazzolla was introduced to the sounds and sights of the tango as a young boy growing up in a resort town south of Buenos Aires. When Astor was three years old, Piazzolla's family left Argentina to reside in New York City. In addition to his hours listening to traditional tangos at home, he enjoyed soaking up the variety of new music in the city, seeds that would blossom in his unique tango style. Astor's father introduced him to the bandoneon—the Argentine version of the accordion that has long been associated with the nostalgic qualities of the tango. By the time he was ten, Astor's musical talent was discovered by the world-renowned Argentine tango performer and composer, Carlos Gardel, who encouraged the boy to return to Buenos Aires to join a popular tango orchestra led by another giant in the tango world, Anibal Troilo.

In addition to his life as a tango musician, Astor studied composition with Alberto Ginastera and later went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger. After moving back to Argentina, Piazzolla started his own tango "band" comprised of a bandoneon, violin, piano, double bass, and guitar. His hundreds of compositions combined the traditional sounds of the tango with jazz and classical styles in a wonderfully eclectic style often called the nuevo tango.

The Four Seasons of Buenos Aires was composed for his original tango ensemble as four separate pieces. The first piece, Summer, was composed in 1965. Autumn came next in 1969 and Winter and Spring followed in 1970. Although these pieces weren't originally conceived as a four-movement suite, Piazzolla later sanctioned the idea that they could be performed together as a single work. The Four Seasons have been arranged for various other instrumental groups and the Rochester Symphony will present one the most popular versions arranged by Lenoid Desyatnikov for violin solo and string orchestra.

Of course, when pondering a work entitled The Four Seasons, it would be impossible not to think of the wildly popular work of the same name by 18th c. composer Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi and Piazzolla took different approaches in musically exploring the seasons. Vivaldi depicts nature's seasonal sounds (birds, leaves, thunder, wind, etc.), whereas Piazzolla endeavored to express one's feelings and moods in Buenos Aires during each season. Desyatnikov, the arranger, pays homage to Vivaldi by quoting some well-known passages from his Seasons, and they'll be hard to miss! It's fun to note that, since Argentina and Italy are in different hemispheres, Piazzolla cleverly takes excerpts from Vivaldi's Winter and quotes them in his Summer movement!

In addition to hearing plenty of references to the tango, you'll hear Piazzolla employ modern classical trends, such as using an abundance of dissonant harmonies and injecting modern Bartok string techniques. This music is full of passion derived from the tango style, and Piazzolla goes in many directions using a huge variety of effects, tempos, dynamics and musical dispositions. I hope you'll agree it all adds up to a very satisfying and fun listening experience!

-- Steven Amundson

Minnesota premiere: New Music for Americas consortium commission

Jennifer Higdon's opera Cold Mountain is based on Charles Frazier's award-winning novel of the same name. It garnered sold out performances across the US, received two Grammy nominations and won the International Opera Award for best new opera. In cooperation with the League of American Orchestras, a consortium of 35 orchestras, including the Rochester Symphony, commissioned Higdon to compose a suite using musical themes from the opera to highlight "the emotional throes of love, war and the journey of a soldier making his way back to Cold Mountain." The Cold Mountain Suite received its first performance with the Delaware Symphony on September 23, 2022 and our performance will be giving the Minnesota premiere.

The composer writes:

"While creating this suite, it was a wonderful challenge to determine which music to feature in order to create a dynamic and engaging orchestral work. Because Cold Mountain is about love, war and death (imagine that in an opera!), there was a lot of dramatic music from which to pick.  I chose various arias, duets and quintets, with the idea that they would be arranged not in story order, but in a manner to create the greatest contrast for the listener.

"The beginning and end of the suite come from the opening of Act 2 and the closing of Act 1—purely for its style of ramping up. It then quickly moves into Storm Music, followed by the quintet, I Should Be Crying; the duet Orion (which I calculated would need two weeks to write, but in an amazing fit of inspiration, came to me in one day—the very thing creative types dream about!); the fiddling duet Bless You Ruby; Ada's contemplative aria, I Feel Sorry For You; then music from the scene where Inman and Ada finally get together after four years of his being away at war; and finally to the music that ends Act 1 to close out the suite.

"After taking 28 months to write this opera, and having lived with the characters so deeply in my heart and soul, it is truly a privilege to share this music with you. Thank you for joining us on this journey through Cold Mountain."  -- Jennifer Higdon

Pulitzer Prize and three-time Grammy-winner Jennifer Higdon (b. Brooklyn, NY, December 31, 1962) taught herself to play flute at the age of 15 and began formal musical studies at 18, with an even later start in composition at the age of 21. Despite these obstacles, Jennifer has become a major figure in contemporary Classical music. Her works represent a wide range of genres, from orchestral to chamber, to wind ensemble, as well as vocal, choral and opera. Her music has been hailed by Fanfare Magazine as having "the distinction of being at once complex, sophisticated but readily accessible emotionally," with the Times of London citing it as "…traditionally rooted, yet imbued with integrity and freshness." The League of American Orchestras reports that she is one of America's most frequently performed composers.

Higdon's list of commissioners is extensive and includes The Philadelphia Orchestra, The Chicago Symphony, The Atlanta Symphony, The Cleveland Orchestra, The Minnesota Orchestra, The Pittsburgh Symphony, the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, as well such groups as the Tokyo String Quartet, the Lark Quartet, Eighth Blackbird, and the President's Own Marine Band. She has also written works for such artists as baritone Thomas Hampson, pianists Yuja Wang and Gary Graffman, violinists Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, Jennifer Koh and Hilary Hahn. Her first opera, Cold Mountain, won the prestigious International Opera Award for Best World Premiere in 2016; the first American opera to do so in the award's history. Performances of Cold Mountain sold out its premiere run in Santa Fe, North Carolina, and Philadelphia (becoming the third highest selling opera in Opera Philadelphia's history).

Higdon received the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in Music for her Violin Concerto, with the committee citing the work as "a deeply engaging piece that combines flowing lyricism with dazzling virtuosity." She has also received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Academy of Arts & Letters, the Koussevitzky Foundation, the Pew Fellowship in the Arts, The Independence Foundation, the NEA, and ASCAP. As winner of the Van Cliburn Piano Competition's American Composers Invitational, Higdon's Secret & Glass Gardens was performed by the semi-finalists during the competition.

Higdon has been a featured composer at many festivals including Aspen, Tanglewood, Vail, Norfolk, Grand Teton, and Cabrillo. She has served as Composer-in-Residence with several orchestras, including the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Fort Worth Symphony. She was honored to serve as the Creative Director of the Boundless Series for the Cincinnati Symphony's 2012-13 season. During the 2016-17 and 2017-18 academic years Higdon served as the prestigious Barr Laureate Scholar at the University of Missouri Kansas City.

In 2018, Higdon received the Eddie Medora King Award from the University of Texas, Austin. That same year, she received the prestigious Nemmers Prize from Northwestern University which is awarded to contemporary classical composers of exceptional achievement who have significantly influenced the field of composition.

Higdon enjoys more than 200 performances a year of her works. Her orchestral work, Blue Cathedral, is one of the most performed contemporary orchestral works in the repertoire with more than 600 performances since its premiere in 2000.

Her works have been recorded on over 70 CDs. Higdon has won three Grammys in her career for Best Contemporary Classical Composition: first for her Percussion Concerto in 2010, in 2018 for her Viola Concerto and in 2020 for her Harp Concerto.

Dr. Higdon received a Bachelor's Degree in Music from Bowling Green State University, an Artist Diploma from The Curtis Institute of Music, and an M.A. and PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. She has been awarded honorary doctorates from the Hartt School and Bowling Green State University.

Dr. Higdon's music is published exclusively by Lawdon Press. For more information, visit jenniferhigdon.com.

-- Steven Amundson

A few years ago, I was approached by a friend and fellow Northfield resident, Doug Scott, about writing an orchestral work for his wife, Grace Schroeder Scott, in honor of her 36 years of service to St. Olaf College as a Senior Development Officer and in gratitude for her commitment and service in philanthropy. After spending some time talking with Doug and Grace about the direction this piece might take, we agreed that the theme would in some way embrace the notion of living in gratitude as a means of enriching one's life experience, something that resonated deeply with each of us. I chose the Latin title Gratia Viva—loosely translated Living in Gratitude.

All creative artists need a clear starting point; a musical seed that will grow and blossom. The seed I chose for Gratia Viva was the dedicatee's name, Grace. Four of the letters are musical pitches: G, A, C and E. Striving to use all five, I chose the solfege syllable "re" for R. In solfege, Re = D and with that addition I happened upon a nice little melodic idea: G-D-A-C-E.

I latched onto this sequence of pitches and made Grace's musical name ever-present in Gratia Viva. In addition to the Grace motif, we talked about employing a reference to one of Grace's favorite hymns, “Nun Danket Alle Gott” (Now Thank We All Our God). I used the first phrase of that hymn, initially hinting at it rather subtly in the opening section, and later quoting that phrase it in its entirety.

Gratia Viva is divided into four sections. It begins with a sense of timelessness, evoking feelings of mystery and wonder. Introduced by solo oboe against the backdrop of yearning chords in the upper strings, the GRACE motive is introduced by solo oboe. Soon after, the piccolo hints at the hymn tune (Now, Thank We All Our God). Evoking a sense of love and gratitude, various iterations of this tune are echoed throughout the piece, and these are often combined with the GRACE motif.

The second section is vibrant and celebratory. The GRACE theme is prominent throughout this section and a brass fanfare serves as a transition into the third section, which uses abundant statements of both the GRACE and hymn themes, evoking playfulness and discovery. There is an increase in energy and the orchestra is at its fullest and most vibrant before slowing into the final section, which symbolizes deep gratitude. Here, the cello section introduces a variant of the GRACE theme. This theme is passed throughout the orchestra and the orchestra gradually builds to a climactic conclusion. Here I try to emulate something very special in Grace's experience: the glorious feeling of reaching a mountain top after a long journey—that moment of relief and satisfaction when one can finally stop to enjoy a spectacular view. 

Grace Schroeder Scott served as a senior member of the development staff at St. Olaf College from 1983–2019 and she continues to build donor relationships, assist charitable organizations, and serve as a senior development consultant in the field of philanthropy. “Live to Give” is her lifelong mission. Gratia Viva was premiered by the St. Olaf Orchestra in Minneapolis on January 19, 2022.

-- Steven Amundson

adapted for symphony orchestra by Maurice Peress

Leonard Bernstein was one of the most influential and gifted musicians of the 20th century. The legacy he left as conductor, educator, pianist, and composer is legendary, and West Side Story, inspired by Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, is undoubtedly the most famous musical venture of his life. The 1957 Broadway production was nominated for 6 Tony Awards, including Best Musical. Bernstein's brilliant musical score has been a singular success and captured the hearts of audiences around the globe.

Bernstein did not create the traditional overture so often used as a curtain raiser. Instead, he begins with a pseudo-ballet that introduces several important musical ideas, depicting the growing tensions between the Sharks and the Jets. Maurice Peress, who served as assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic under Bernstein, created this overture to accompany the opening credits of the 1961 film version of the musical. There are four distinct sections in the overture starting with the ensemble music before the Rumble in Act one. Next comes Tonight, There's a Place for Us, and finally the exuberant dance, Mambo. Enjoy!

-- Steven Amundson

Fanny Mendelssohn-Hensel was a gifted performer and prodigious composer who created nearly 500 compositions. She was Felix Mendelssohn's older sister. The two were very close and Felix considered Fanny to be both his dearest friend and devoted confidante. Fanny received pretty much the same musical education as Felix and was also a formidable musical talent. In fact, her piano skills were known to be even stronger than her older brother's. Of course, the 19th century was not very welcoming to women who excelled in the arts, but Fanny was able to forge a fine reputation through "salon" performances of her works, especially her compositions for piano. She also pursued conducting and had the opportunity to lead the premiere performance of her brother's well-known Reformation Symphony (#5) in 1830.

Although Fanny wrote several oratorios (choral/orchestral works), Overture in C major is her only purely orchestral composition. It follows the traditional form of early 19th century overtures, including the usual slow introduction. In the central part of the introduction, short motivic ideas are presented in contrasting dynamics before a return of the opening section. A brief flute solo leads to a lively string flourish (Allegro di molto) followed by a series of fanfares for brass and timpani, which serve as preparation for the main body of the overture (Con fuoco).  

The "allegro" section of the overture is in traditional sonata-allegro form. We begin with the Exposition: the robust "A" theme, a brief transition, the lyrical "B" theme in the dominant key, and the festive closing theme. Without a clear cadence, the music launches into the "Development" (listen for a sudden shift to the minor mode). Melodic ideas from the exposition are presented in a variety of new key areas, including dramatic diminished chords and varying dynamics. Finally, the music returns "home" for a full Recapitulation of previous themes before commencing the exhilarating "Coda," which employs festive fanfares and flourishes.

Many of the melodic ideas of the piece are crafted from scalar figures. Strings provide energy and drama with ample measured 16ths. Elegant passages in woodwinds and strings provide beautiful contrasts. There is a pervasive sense of familiarity with continuous repetition of musical ideas presented in the early portion of the piece, and there is a wonderful feeling of formal balance from start to finish.

It's unfortunate Fanny Mendelssohn-Hensel wasn't given a platform to share her exquisite music more widely during her lifetime, but it's encouraging that this and many other of her works have more recently come to light. We're pleased to share her wonderful overture to open the program.

When I was a young boy, I remember being introduced to the music of Mozart and hearing about his uncanny ability to compose music as easily as most of us do the simplest of tasks. A child prodigy, Mozart began composing at a very young age, creating music with amazing speed and accuracy. As he got older and more experienced, he was known to conceive music in his head while on walks, returning home to write his new creation in one short sitting. Even more impressive, there are anecdotes that suggest Mozart would attend a piece of music he'd never heard and--after only one hearing--return home to write the entire work down from beginning to end! Mozart was a musical genius with astounding skills and artistic achievements, especially for one who only reached the age of 35. Imagine what he might have accomplished had he lived into his 70s or 80s.

The purpose of programming one of Mozart's early symphonies, which most audiences haven't heard, is to compare the young Mozart with the master who composed the magnificent Requiem, which was his final work. Mozart composed his first symphony when he was only eight years old. Five years later, he'd already written multiple new pieces, including his ninth symphony, an energetic and witty piece that showcases a genius in the making. This miniature symphony lasts only 12 minutes, but it is a model of typical late 18th century Classical style characteristics featuring balanced phrases and clear formal structures.

The first movement features a robust main theme that often outlines triads and is contrasted with elegant suspension figures. This idea of quick juxtapositions of the energetic with the sublime is a common characteristic of many of his future works. The usual development section after the exposition is very brief while the recapitulation is both surprising and inventive with many harmonic twists and turns. Mozart's emerging gift for melody, especially in the beautifully elegant flute writing in the slow, second movement, is evident. The third movement is the usual minuet and trio, the latter quite short and in the unusual subdominant key. Mozart's humor and fun-loving spirit is showcased in the last movement, which is particularly witty and delightful.

Mozart's Symphony No. 9 provides a snapshot of Mozart's youthful energy and formidable skill. In addition to his celebrated tours throughout Europe displaying his virtuoso piano skills, the wunderkind wrote dozens of new works that would be overshadowed by what would come later—hence the lack of performances of works such as Symphony No. 9. Although it would take some years for Mozart to achieve the profound depth and mastery exhibited in his later symphonies, concertos and operas, we hope you enjoy feasting on this opportunity to hear one of his remarkable early works and enjoy comparing it with his incredible Requiem, composed 21-years-later. just before his death at the age of 35.

In July 1791, five months before Mozart died, a stranger appeared at his door with a request to commission a Requiem Mass for a "secret commissioner" in honor of his wife who had recently died. Although there are many theories and wild stories about the events surrounding the creation of this incredible work, including the ones presented in the popular movie, Amadeus, scholars agree that the person who commissioned the Requiem was Count Franz von Walsegg-Stuppach. The Count, an amateur musician, wanted to perform the new Requiem Mass every year in his wife's honor. Like many wealthy musicians during those times, it was commonplace to commission new works from gifted composers with the intention of presenting the works as their own. At the time, Mozart had a very full plate, but his difficult financial situation compelled him to take this on, happy to receive half the fee up front. It's amazing to think that one of the most gifted musicians on the planet had such a difficult time making ends meet, but this was often the case with Mozart and with many other 18th century composers. 

1791 was a very productive year for Mozart. He wrote two operas—La clemenza di Tito and the incredible Magic Flute—plus his Clarinet Concerto. He also composed a number of small instrumental works. Adding this huge sacred choral/orchestral work to his list of projects was a stretch, especially considering that he was in poor health. Worried he was dying, Mozart was spooked about writing a Mass for the Dead. Soon after his death, the newspaper in his hometown of Salzburg published an article stating that he composed “often with tears in his eyes, constantly saying ‘I fear that I am writing a Requiem for myself.’”

He composed as much of the work as he could, but was unable to recover from his illness. He died on December 5, 1791 at the age of 35 with much of his Requiem incomplete. Mozart was able to finish most of the choral and solo vocal parts, but many of the orchestral parts were left only in sketch form and not yet orchestrated. He was unable to compose any music for the final movements—the Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei.  

One of Mozart's trusted students, the 25-year-old Franz Süssmayr, was given the responsibility of completing the work. It is likely that Mozart was able to convey many of his musical intentions to Süssmayr before he died and most agree that Süssmayr did splendid work, staying true to Mozart's compositional style and bringing this mammoth project to fruition with love and care in honor of his beloved mentor.  

Mozart's Requiem begins with the Introitus, featuring gentle, lonely sounds from the bassoons and clarinets. This movement is a slow-moving prayer for the dead: "Grant them eternal rest, Lord, and let perpetual light shine on them." It doesn't take long before we hear a frightful, forte choral statement, which doesn't seem to offer the comfort one might expect in a mass for the dead. Adding to the unsettling character, the orchestration features many syncopated, offbeat rhythms. In the central section, the solo soprano offers praise to God, and the movement closes with many of the musical ideas with which it began. The Introitus ends inconclusively on a half cadence before continuing with the Kyrie ("Lord have mercy, Christ have mercy"), a powerful double fugue creating wonderful counterpoint that recalls the Baroque and J.S. Bach and features some of the most challenging vocal writing of the entire work.

The third part of the Requiem is the Sequence, which is further divided into six subsections. The first of these is the Dies Irae ("Day of Wrath"), which musically represents the judgement day with all the fire and drama one might expect with this text. The next section is Tuba Mirum ("The Trumpet will send its wondrous sound."). Rather than a trumpet, Mozart features the deeper sound of solo trombone. Solos enter from lowest to highest voices: bass, tenor, alto and finally soprano.

Following Tuba Mirum is the Rex Tremendae, honoring the "majestic King" who saves those who are worthy. The persistent dotted rhythms lend noble majesty to the music. This leads directly to the fourth section, Recordare ("Remember kind Jesus... my salvation caused your suffering; do not forsake me on that day."). This lengthy section, in contrast with earlier ones, features solo singers. Mozart musically paints intimacy, earnestness and humility. The frequently descending passages may be reminiscent of tears. 

Next, we encounter the more intense Confutatis, which is not unlike the way we began the Sequence (Dies Irae). "When the accused are confounded and doomed to the flames of woe, call me among the blessed." The persistent and driving rhythms in strings alternates with prayerful moments ("I kneel with submissive heart...").

One of the most memorable moments in the Requiem concludes the Sequence: the Lacrimosa ("That day of tears and mourning... spare us by your mercy, Lord."). The poignant, offbeat violin parts are brilliantly conceived, providing exquisite tenderness and beauty to the rendering of the text.

The fourth movement of the Requiem, the Offertory, is in two sections: Domine Jesu ("Lord, Jesus Christ, King of Glory, liberate the souls of the faithful.") and Hostias ("Sacrifices and prayers of praise, we offer to You."). In Domine Jesu, the dynamics are generally soft, but several loud outbursts declare praise to God and make passionate pleas for deliverance from the "lion's mouth!" A short solo section leads to a brilliant fugue for the chorus supported by a lively, rhythmic presence in the orchestra. The Domine Jesu ends on a positive note, changing from G minor to G major, and leads to the beautifully lyrical and prayerful Hostias. The end of Hostias brings back the fugue from Domine Jesu to round out the Offertory.

Finally, we encounter the three concluding sections of the Requiem (Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei), which Mozart couldn't bring to fruition because of his untimely death. As mentioned earlier, Mozart's talented pupil and good friend, Franz Süssmayr, faithfully completed these sections doing his best to honor what he believed were Mozart's intentions.

The relatively short Sanctus begins with a festive statement ("Holy, Lord God of Hosts, heaven and earth are full of your glory.") followed by a short, energetic fugue (“Hosanna in the Highest!”).

Featuring the quartet of solo singers, the Benedictus is gently lilting and elegant, based on the text "Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord." It concludes with a repetition of the short fugue from the end of the Sanctus.

Finally, we come to the last movement of the Requiem, the Agnus Dei ("Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world, grant them everlasting rest.") The music opens with a sense of hypnotic pleading. After a short interlude for soprano solo ("May eternal light shine on them."), the choir emphasizes that same text before launching into the identical music from the first movement's Kyrie, this time on a new text ("Grant them eternal rest."). This is the most complex of Mozart's many impressive fugues and it provides a compelling bookend effect for this final, glorious work from one of the most celebrated composers of all time.